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عينات إحصائية - translation to English
عينات إحصائية
statistical method
cross sectional testing
اختبار عينة إحصائية
statistical method
![open source statistical package]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gretl screenshot.png?width=200 "open source statistical package]]")
![[[Scatter plot]]s and [[line chart]]s are used in [[descriptive statistics]] to show the observed relationships between different variables, here using the [[Iris flower data set]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Iris Pairs Plot.svg?width=200 "[[Scatter plot]]s and [[line chart]]s are used in [[descriptive statistics]] to show the observed relationships between different variables, here using the [[Iris flower data set]].")
![Bernoulli's ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]'' was the first work that dealt with [[probability theory]] as currently understood.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jakob Bernoulli.jpg?width=200 "Bernoulli's ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]'' was the first work that dealt with [[probability theory]] as currently understood.")
![[[Karl Pearson]], a founder of mathematical statistics.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Karl Pearson, 1910.jpg?width=200 "[[Karl Pearson]], a founder of mathematical statistics.")
.svg?width=200 "A least squares fit: in red the points to be fitted, in blue the fitted line.")
![[[Confidence intervals]]: the red line is true value for the mean in this example, the blue lines are random confidence intervals for 100 realizations.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NYW-confidence-interval.svg?width=200 "[[Confidence intervals]]: the red line is true value for the mean in this example, the blue lines are random confidence intervals for 100 realizations.")
![critical region]] is the set of values to the right of the observed data point (observed value of the test statistic) and the [[p-value]] is represented by the green area.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/P-value in statistical significance testing.svg?width=200 "critical region]] is the set of values to the right of the observed data point (observed value of the test statistic) and the [[p-value]] is represented by the green area.")
![The [[confounding variable]] problem: ''X'' and ''Y'' may be correlated, not because there is causal relationship between them, but because both depend on a third variable ''Z''. ''Z'' is called a confounding factor.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Simple Confounding Case.svg?width=200 "The [[confounding variable]] problem: ''X'' and ''Y'' may be correlated, not because there is causal relationship between them, but because both depend on a third variable ''Z''. ''Z'' is called a confounding factor.")
STUDY OF THE COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND PRESENTATION OF DATA
AppliedStatistics; Applied statistics; Business statistics; Statistical; Stats; R-test; Statistically; Statistical method; Statistical methods; Statistical Analysis; Political arithmetic; Statistical sciences; Statistical Sciences; Business Statistics; Statistics/Applied; Applied Statistics; Statistik; Statistical description; Statiststics; Statistical analyses; Statistical reasoning; Statistcs; Applications of statistics; Statistical methodology
أسلوب إحصائى ، عينات إحصائية
